nix-git/modules/spin-down/hdparm.nix

# hdparm - get/set SATA/IDE device parameters
#   -q  Handle the next option quietly, suppressing normal output (but not error messages).
#   -I  Print device information.
#   -C  Check  the  current  IDE  power  mode status:
#         unknown (drive does not support this command)
#         active/idle (normal  operation)
#         standby  (low  power mode, drive has spun down)
#         sleeping (lowest power mode, drive is completely shut down)
#   -S  Set the standby (spindown) timeout for the drive.
#       The timeout specifies how long to wait in idle (with no disk activity) before turning off the motor to save power.
#         The value of 0 disables spindown,
#         the values from 1 to 240 specify multiples of 5 seconds
#         and values from 241 to 251 specify multiples of 30 minutes.
#   -y  Force an IDE drive to immediately enter the low power consumption standby mode, usually causing it to spin down.

# Get power status:
#   sudo hdparm -C /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD40EFRX-68N32N0_WD-WCC7K0CPF0N1
#   #=> drive state is: active/idle

# Spin down after 2 minutes (120s/5s = 24).
# TODO: Western Digital (WD) Red/Green drives don't work properly. For low `-S` values, they spin down after **10** minutes. And for high values they don't spin down at all.
# - https://superuser.com/questions/1746074/spin-down-not-working-on-wd-red
# - https://askubuntu.com/questions/196473/setting-sata-hdd-spindown-time-for-western-digital-green-drives
#
#   sudo hdparm -S 24 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD40EFRX-68N32N0_WD-WCC7K0CPF0N1 # 4tb1
#   sudo hdparm -S 24 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD30EFRX-68EUZN0_WD-WCC4N1173157 # 3tb1
#   sudo hdparm -S 24 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD30EFRX-68EUZN0_WD-WMC4N0564095 # 3tb2
#
# ... after > 10 minutes ...
#
# Query disk without waking it up:
#   https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/hdparm#Querying_the_status_of_the_disk_without_waking_it_up
#   sudo smartctl -i -n standby /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD40EFRX-68N32N0_WD-WCC7K0CPF0N1
#   #=> Device is in STANDBY mode, exit(2)
#
# Get power status:
#   sudo hdparm -C /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD40EFRX-68N32N0_WD-WCC7K0CPF0N1
#   sudo hdparm -C /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD30EFRX-68EUZN0_WD-WCC4N1173157
#   sudo hdparm -C /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD30EFRX-68EUZN0_WD-WMC4N0564095
#   #=> drive state is: standby

# Power savings.
#   With 12tb1, 3tb1, 3tb2 spinning and 4tb1 spun-down: 26.1 W
#   With 12tb1 spinning and 3tb1, 3tb2, 4tb1 spun-down: 19.8 W
#   -> WD30EFRX measured idle spinning vs standby = +3.15 W
#   -> WD30EFRX advertised idle spinning vs unplugged = +3.0 W

# See also: Systemd service to spin down after boot. https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/hdparm#Putting_a_drive_to_sleep_directly_after_boot

# If a (external) disk does not supprot setting a timer with hdparm, use `hd-idle` instead.
# https://www.reddit.com/r/NixOS/comments/751i5t/comment/do3f3l7/
#   # Options:
#   # -a <disk path without /dev>: Select disk for subsequent parameters.
#   # -i 120: Spin down after 2 minutes (120 seconds) of inactivity.
#   ExecStart = "${pkgs.hd-idle}/bin/hd-idle -a disk/by-id/XXX-XXX-XXX -i 120";

# Example usage:
#   sudo smartctl -i -n standby /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD60EFAX-68SHWN0_WD-WX31D29924PZ | grep 'Power mode'
#   #=> Power mode is:    ACTIVE or IDLE
#   sudo hd-idle -a disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD60EFAX-68SHWN0_WD-WX31D29924PZ -i 120

{ lib, config, options, pkgs, modulesPath, ... }:
with lib;
let
  cfg = config.yoda.spin-down.hdparm;
in
{
  options = {
    yoda.spin-down.hdparm = mkOption {
      type = types.listOf types.str;
      default = [ ];
      example = ["ata-WDC_WD40EFRX-68N32N0_WD-WCC7K0CPF0N1"];
      description = ''
        List with IDs (/dev/disk/by-id/<ID>) of HDDs to spin down with hdparm after 2-10 minutes.

        Not all HDDs (e.g. Seagate Barracuda ST600DM003) and many external disk enclosures don't support setting the idle timer.
        In that case, please use yoda.spin-down.hd-idle for those disks instead.
      '';
    };
  };

  config = mkIf (length cfg > 0) {
    # For each element (e.g. "ata-WDC_WD40EFRX-68N32N0_WD-WCC7K0CPF0N1") in `cfg` create this config:
    #   systemd.services."hdparm-ata-WDC_WD40EFRX-68N32N0_WD-WCC7K0CPF0N1" = {
    #     description = ...;
    #     wantedBy = ...;
    #     ...
    #   };
    systemd.services = builtins.listToAttrs (builtins.map (id: {
      name = "hdparm-${id}";
      value = {
        description = "Spin down inactive HDD ${id}";
        wantedBy = [ "multi-user.target" ];
        serviceConfig.Type = "oneshot";
        script = ''
          set -eu -o pipefail
          # Get IDE power mode status and remove any whitespace characters for easier pattern matching.
          result="$(${pkgs.hdparm}/bin/hdparm -C /dev/disk/by-id/${id} | ${pkgs.coreutils}/bin/tr -d '[:space:]')"
          case "''${result}" in
            *'/dev/disk/by-id/${id}:drivestateis:standby'*|*'/dev/disk/by-id/${id}:drivestateis:sleeping'*)
              printf '%s\n' 'Disk is in standby or sleeping.'
              # Don't set idle timeout as this would spin up the disk.
              # It has already been set before, otherwise the disk would be spinning.
              ;;
            *'/dev/disk/by-id/${id}:drivestateis:active/idle'*)
              printf '%s\n' 'Disk is active. Set idle timeout to 10 minutes.'
              ${pkgs.hdparm}/bin/hdparm -S 24 /dev/disk/by-id/${id}
              ;;
            *'/dev/disk/by-id/${id}:drivestateis:unknown'*)
              printf '%s\n' 'Disk is not supported by hdparm.'
              exit 1
              ;;
            *)
              printf '%s%s\n' 'Unknown hdparm output: ' "''${result}"
              exit 1
              ;;
          esac
        '';
      };
    }) cfg);
  };
}